![]() ![]() ![]() Krajewski, 2002: Two-dimensional video disdrometer: A description. Huffman, et al., 2017: So, how much of the earth’s surface is covered by rain gauges. Li, et al., 2019: Raindrop size distributions and rain characteristics observed by a PARSIVEL disdrome-ter in Beijing, northern China. Ishimaru, A., 1991: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering. Lee, et al., 2012: Linking typhoon tracks and spatial rainfall patterns for improving flood lead time predictions over a mesoscale mountainous watershed. ![]() Bringi, et al., 2002: Estimation of raindrop size distribution parameters from polarimetric radar measurements. Chandrasekar, et al., 2001: Rainfall estimation from polarimetric radar measurements: Composite algorithms immune to variability in raindrop shape–size relation. Chandrasekar, et al., 2000: Measurement of mean raindrop shape from polarimetric radar observations. Liu, et al., 2017: Raindrop size distribution measurements at 4,500 m on the Tibetan Plateau during TIPEX-III. Ming, 2012: Microphysical characteristics of the raindrop size distribution in Typhoon Morakot (2009). Lin, 2009: Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution and drop shape relation in typhoon systems in the western Pacific from the 2D video disdrometer and NCU C-band polarimetric radar. Zafar, 2005: Estimation of raindrop size distribution from spaceborne radar observations. Raj, 2013: Raindrop size distributions and their association with characteristics of clouds and precipitation during monsoon and post-monsoon periods over a tropical Indian station. Zhang, 2012: Efficient ways to learn weather radar polarimetry. Brandes, et al., 2008: Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma. Thurai, et al., 2009: Using dual-polarized radar and dual-frequency profiler for DSD characterization: A case study from Darwin, Australia. Hubbert, et al., 2003: Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes from disdrometer and dual-polarized radar analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 664 pp.īringi, V. Chandrasekar, 2001: Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar: Principles and Applications. Vivekanandan, 2002: Experiments in rainfall estimation with a polarimetric radar in a subtropical environment. Thurai, 2010: A new understanding of raindrop shape. Part 2: Oscillation frequencies and modes. Kubesh, 1991: Laboratory measurements of small raindrop distortion. Zhang, et al., 2020b: A comparison of convective raindrop size distributions in the eyewall and spiral rainbands of Typhoon Lekima (2019). Zhang, et al., 2020a: Distinct raindrop size distributions of convective inner- and outer-rainband rain in Typhoon Maria (2018). Tang, et al., 2019: Variable raindrop size distributions in different rainbands associated with Typhoon Fitow (2013). Among the four quantitative precipitation estimators using S-band dual-polarimetric radar parameters simulated by the T-matrix method, the estimator that adopted the specific differential phase and differential reflectivity was found to be the most effective for both SR and CR.īao, X. By calculating effectively the radar reflectivity factor ( Z e) in the Ku and Ka bands, D 0– Z e and N w– D 0 empirical relations were thereby derived for improving the accuracy of rainfall retrieval. The CR results were highly consistent with those of the improved typhoon precipitation classification method based on rain rate. Meanwhile, an “S–C likelihood index” is introduced, which was used to classify three rain types (SR, CR, and mixed rain). Considering the characteristics of precipitation in the typhoon outer rainband, a modified stratiform rain (SR)–convective rain (CR) separator line is proposed based on D 0 and N w scatterplots. It was found that the radial distribution of the median volume diameter ( D 0) and normalized intercept parameter ( N w) varied in different stages, and that raindrops smaller than 3.0 mm contributed more than 99% of the total precipitation. ![]() The observations by three two-dimensional video disdrometers deployed in central Guangdong Province were analyzed concurrently. The evolution of the microphysical properties of raindrops from Typhoon Mangkhut’s outer rainbands as the storm made landfall in South China in September 2018 was investigated. ![]()
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